Kev zom zaub mov yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv daim duab lossis lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev los tsim lub cev ua kom yuag lossis nce lub cev nqaij. Nkag siab qhov kev nqis tes ua ntawm cov txheej txheem theem pib ntawm biochemistry, nws yuav yooj yim rau koj lub hom phiaj, tsis hais txog lub cev hom. Cia peb xav txog nws yog dab tsi - piav qhia hauv cov lus yooj yooj yim, tsis tau nkag rau hauv lub zoov nuj txeeg scientific.
Cia rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus kev sib twv. Yog tias koj xav txog ib yam khoom muaj sia raws li cov txheej txheem, ces tib neeg cov metabolism yog cov txheej txheem uas sau cov ntsiab lus mus rau hauv cov duab loj uas tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog qhov metabolism, qhov nyuaj ntawm txhua qhov kev xav tau biochemical.
Txhua yam kab mob loj hlob thiab muaj nuj nqi vim kev nqus, kev hloov thiab tshem tawm qee yam khoom.
Kev zom zaub mos ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tuaj los ntawm sab nraud. Ua tsaug rau qhov ua-ua “customizer”, kev yoog rau lwm yam yog ua tau. Yog tsis muaj cov txheej txheem hauv qab, lub neej yuav tsis yooj yim sua.
Lub cev qhov hnyav nyob ntawm ntau tus lej ntawm lub cev xeeb ntxwv thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov calories ntau. Muaj ib qho yooj yim yuav tsum tau ua lub zog. Nws yog tus kheej rau txhua tus neeg. Qhov kev xav tau no yog hu ua basal metabolism - tsawg kawg ib hnub "ib feem" ntawm lub zog (calories) uas yuav tsum muaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thaum lub sijhawm so. Koj tuaj yeem xam cov txiaj ntsig metabolic * siv cov qauv hauv qab no (* qhov chaw - Wikipedia):
- rau cov poj niam: 655 + (9.6xP) + (1.8xL) - (4.7xT);
- rau txiv neej: 66 + (13.7xP) + (5xL) - (6.8xT),
qhov twg, T - hnub nyoog (xyoo), L - qhov siab (cm), P - lub cev hnyav (kg).
Calorie cov ntsiab lus yog muab xam los siv cov qauv. Cov txiv neej yuav tau siv cov mis li nram no:
88.362 + (13.397 * hnyav / kg) + (4.799 * qhov siab / cm) - (5.677 * hnub nyoog)
Cov poj niam siv qhov no:
447.593 + (9.247 * qhov hnyav / kg) + (3.098 * qhov siab / cm) - (4.330 * hnub nyoog)
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev suav yog ib hom xoom. Txhawm rau kom poob ceeb thawj, koj yuav tsum tau noj tsawg dua li kwv yees cov calories. Hauv kev sib piv, cov neeg tawm dag zog yuav tsum khoo cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm qee qhov tshwm sim.
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov metabolism
Txheej txheem metabolic yog kev hloov pauv tshuaj uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Lub kaw lus thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev xav tau cov khoom siv nrog cov qauv qis. Nrog zaub mov noj, peb tau txais cov khoom lag luam siab uas yuav tsum tau cais tawm.
Metabolism yog ob hom txheej txheem sib cuam tshuam ib yam:
- catabolism - kev faib ua tej pawg ua ib qho yooj yim; raws li kev lwj, lub zog yog tsim tawm;
- anabolism - tsim cov tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau lub cev los ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov hlwb tshiab thiab cov nqaij ua haujlwm tau tsim; cov txheej txheem no xav tau ntau lub zog.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov chav kawm thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov txheej txheem yog qhov nyuaj heev. Tab sis kev nkag siab yooj yim ntawm ob qho tseem ceeb rau ob qho kev poob phaus thiab nce hnyav.
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Protein metabolism hauv
Protein metabolism yog cov cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein rau cov amino acids thiab qhov tom qab ntawm biochemical tshua nrog lawv cov khoom tawg. Ib qho kev tawm dag zog txhua tus paub tias cov protein yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tsim thiab ua kom cov leeg nqaij. Tab sis, dhau ntawm qhov no, cov protein kuj ua lwm yam, sib npaug zoo ib yam, kev ua haujlwm:
- xa tawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig thoob hauv lub cev;
- ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm endocrine;
- txhawb kev tsim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones poj niam txiv neej;
- ua kom ceev cov nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem biochemical;
- ntshav thauj cov pa, cov rog, tus lej ntawm cov vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, cov tshuaj hormones thiab lwm yam;
- ua lub luag haujlwm ua kom xwm yeem thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev zom cov protein muaj cov theem hauv qab no (qhov - Wikipedia):
- kev noj protein rau hauv lub cev;
- denaturation ntawm cov khoom rau cov tub rog ua ntej;
- kev faib ua ib leeg cov amino acids;
- kev thauj mus los ntawm cov amino acids thoob plaws lub cev;
- nqaij ua lub tsev (rau cov neeg ncaws pob, qhov no txhais tau hais tias feem ntau ua cov leeg);
- lub voj voog tshiab ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov protein - nyob rau theem no, cov metabolism ntawm cov nqaijrog tsis siv hauv kev tsim kho tshwm sim;
- tshem tawm ntawm cov neeg siv cov amino acids.
Ib qho amino acid ua yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov roj ntsha ua kom muaj nuj nqis tag nrho. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov ntau ntawm cov protein yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb.
Thaum daws cov teeb meem kev ua kis las thiab kev noj zaub mov, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los saib xyuas cov khoom sib xyaw.
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg tsis noj nqaij, vim tias cov khoom lag luam tsis muaj cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom.
Rog metabolism hauv
Rog yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog. Nrog lub sijhawm qoj ib ce luv luv, lub zog glycogen hauv cov leeg nqaij tau siv ua ntej. Nrog kev siv zog ntev, lub cev tau txais lub zog los ntawm cov rog. Los ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov peculiarities ntawm cov rog metabolism, qhov xaus qhia nws tus kheej - kom tawg rog cov rog, ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab muaj zog yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Lub cev sim ua kom muaj feem ntau ntawm cov rog hauv txoj hauv kev. Hauv lub xeev ib txwm, tsuas yog li 5% ntawm cov rog yog stably tshem tawm rov qab. Lipid (rog) metabolism tshwm sim nyob rau ntau theem:
- kev tawg ntawm cov rog hauv lub plab zom mov, lawv cov kev zom thiab kev nqus;
- hloov chaw ntawm lipids los ntawm cov hnyuv;
- sib pauv hloov pauv nruab nrab;
- cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj catabolism;
- fatty acid catabolism.
Ib feem pauv rog tshwm sim hauv lub plab. Tab sis cov txheej txheem qeeb nyob rau ntawd. Lub ntsiab lipid tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam qaum ntawm txoj hnyuv.
Lub siab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism hauv lipid.
Ntawm no, qee qhov ntawm cov khoom siv yog oxidized, vim tias lub zog ntawm lub zog tau tsim tawm. Lwm ntu raug rhuav rau cov hom kev thauj khoom thiab nkag mus rau cov ntshav.
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Cov roj metabolism cov metabolism
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj carbohydrate metabolism yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub zog tus nqi ntawm yav tom ntej. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm lub cev muaj li txog 60% ntawm tag nrho cov zog hloov hauv lub cev.
Lub cev ua haujlwm tag nrho yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj carbohydrates.
Qhov no yog vim li cas cov roj hlwb yuav tsum ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev noj haus rau kev ua haujlwm kev kawm. Ntawm theem pib, carbohydrates yog qabzib. Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv cov leeg thiab mob siab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm glycogen.
Ib lub tswv yim tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog cov metabolism hauv kev ua noj yog qhov glycemic index (GI). Nws xav txog tus nqi ntawm cov carbohydrates yog nqus los ntawm lub cev thiab nce hauv cov ntshav qab zib. Qhov GI nplai tau muab faib ua 100 ntu, qhov twg 0 qhia txog cov khoom noj uas tsis pub muaj cov carbohydrate, thiab 100 qhia tias cov khoom noj muaj roj nyeem nrog cov khoom siv no.
Raws li qhov no, cov khoom lag luam tau muab faib ua cov qauv yooj yim thiab ntau. Cov qub yog siab GI, qhov tom kawg yog qes. To taub qhov sib txawv ntawm ib qho thiab lwm tus yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tej yam yooj yim carbohydrates zom sai sai rau hauv qabzib. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lub cev tau txais ib feem ntawm lub zog hauv ob peb feeb. Qhov qis qis yog tias muaj lub zog txaus rau 30-50 feeb. Thaum noj cov zaub mov ntau sai:
- muaj kev qaug zog, qaug zog;
- rog rog yog muab tso;
- tus kws kho mob siab rau nqus dej, uas ua rau muaj kev tsim cov ntshav qab zib mellitus;
- kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob ntawm cov hlab plawv system nce.
Cov khoom noj uas muaj xyaw carbohydrates siv sijhawm ntev kom tawg. Tab sis qhov xa rov qab los ntawm lawv tau zoo li 4 teev. Kev noj haus yuav tsum yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom no.
Tsawg GI cov zaub mov:
Khoom | GI |
Nqaij | 15 |
Nceb | 15 |
Pob Tsuas | 15 |
Lentils | 25 |
Mis | 30 |
Rog-free tsev tsev cheese | 30 |
Cov nplej zom (tsis tau ua tiav) | 40 |
Pob Tsuas Yaj | 50 |
Cov Khoom Noj Nruab Nrab GI:
Khoom | GI |
Spaghetti | 55 |
Oatmeal | 60 |
Cov nplej ntev | 60 |
Tsawb | 60 |
Pasta nrog cheese | 65 |
Tag nrho cov khob cij nplej | 65 |
Jacket qos yaj ywm | 65 |
Cov hmoov nplej | 65 |
High GI cov zaub mov:
Khoom | GI |
Mov nplej dawb | 70 |
Ua Ncuav Quav | 70 |
Qab zib carbon dej qab zib | 70 |
Mis chocolate | 70 |
Mov nplej porridge nrog mis nyuj | 75 |
Qab zib pastries | 75 |
Instant porridge | 85 |
Zib ntab | 90 |
Cov nrhiav khaub noom | 95 |
Butter buns | 95 |
Cov khob cij dawb | 100 |
Txauv dej thiab lwm yam minerals
Feem ntau ntawm lub cev yog dej. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov ntsiab lus no yuav siv sij hawm los hais. Lub hlwb yog 85% dej, ntshav 80%, leeg nqaij 75%, pob txha 25%, cov nqaij mos adipose 20%.
Dej tawm:
- los ntawm lub ntsws - 300 ml / hnub (ntawm qhov nruab nrab);
- los ntawm daim tawv nqaij - 500 ml;
- nrog zis - 1700 ml.
Qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua dej tau tso kom pom yog hu ua dej sib npaug. Yog tias qhov kev nqus kom tsawg dua li qhov tawm, cov kab ke hauv lub cev swb. Tus nqi dej haus rau ib hnub nyob ntawm lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv, hauv thawj qhov chaw.
Thaum tsis muaj contraindications, piv txwv li, pathology ntawm lub raum, lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha, thiab lwm yam, qhov no yog kwv yees li 1.5-2,5 litres ib hnub. Qhov nyiaj no txaus kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis muaj mob.
Tab sis, nrog kev tawm hws zoo, cov dej haus kom zoo txaus tuaj yeem mus txog 6-7 litres (qhov chaw - FGBU, Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Endocrinological ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm Lavxias Federation, Moscow. "Khoom noj khoom haus rau cov kis las.") cov dej yuav tsum tau ua.
Kev ntsuas tus nqi zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua dej uas xav tau rau ib tus neeg hauv ib hnub yuav tsum tau siv cov qauv hauv qab no:
- V = (M * 0.03) + (T * 0.4) - poj niam;
- V = (M * 0.04) + (T * 0.6) - rau txiv neej,
qhov twg, V yog qhov ntim ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov dej hauv liv ib hnub, M yog lub cev qhov hnyav ntawm ib tug neeg, T yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua kis las ncaj qha lossis lwm yam dej num uas xav tau kev siv hluav taws xob (hauv qhov tsis muaj, 0 yog teem). Qhov kev xam no yuav siv mus rau hauv tus lej txhua qhov yuav tsum tau muaj: tub los ntxhais, qhov hnyav thiab lub sijhawm raug rau lub cev.
Txij li cov ntxhia kuj tau ntxuav tawm hauv lub cev nrog dej, vim li no nws tau nquahu kom muab dej ntxiv nrog cov dej ntxhia. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los ua kom muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb. Nws raug nquahu, nrog kev pabcuam ntawm tus neeg noj zaub mov kom zoo, los laij seb tus nqi noj ntsev thiab zaub mov ntau npaum li cas thiab kos cov zaub mov noj raws li cov kev suav no.
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Kev zom zaub mov yog ib txoj kev nyuaj thiab tsis yooj yim. Yog tias qhov tsis ua haujlwm tshwm sim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov theem ntawm anabolism lossis catabolism, tag nrho biochemical "tus qauv" poob. Cov teeb meem metabolic yog qhov tsis txaus siab los ntawm:
- noob neej;
- kev ua neej tsis ncaj ncees;
- ntau yam kabmob;
- nyob hauv ib thaj chaw uas muaj ecology tsis zoo.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov ua tsis tiav yog saib tsis taus koj lub cev. Tus nqi khoom noj khoom haus ntau kawg nkaus yog qhov nplawm peb lub sijhawm. Noj tsis zoo thiab tsis tawm dag zog ua rau lub cev metabolism. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau tus neeg ua rog nrog rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim.
Ntawm cov tsos mob uas qhia tias ib tug yuav tsum cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj ntawm cov metabolism:
- nce lossis txo lub cev hnyav;
- tsis zoo nyob rau hauv qab los noj mov, los yog, tham, ib tug tas mus li xav noj;
- mob nkees ntev;
- pom teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij;
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm tus kaus hniav;
- brittle plaub hau thiab ntsia hlau;
- nce siab ntxiv;
- cov tsos mob raws plab, hloov ua nrog quav tawv;
- pasty sab sauv thiab qis dua (ntau zaus) cov nqua.
Nws yog ua tau thiab tsim nyog los cuam tshuam nrog lub txim ntawm cov khoom noj tsis txaus siab. Tab sis nws yog ruam rau suav txog qhov tshwm sim tam sim. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo dua tsis txhob pib ua koj tus kheej. Thiab yog tias nws tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum tig mus rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab ua siab ntev.
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Tus metabolic tus nqi tsis yog nyob ntawm kev caj ces caj ces thiab kev ua neej xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob ntawm poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog. Cov qib Testosterone hauv cov txiv neej muaj ntau dua. Vim qhov no, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sib deev muaj zog yuav ua rau muaj zog nqaij. Thiab cov leeg nqaij xav tau lub zog. Yog li, cov metabolism hauv theem pib hauv cov txiv neej tau siab dua - lub cev noj ntau dhau los ntawm calories (qhov chaw - Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg Ecology, Samara State Medical University, "Correlation ntawm basal metabolic tus nqi nyob hauv kev sib txawv ntawm kev txiav txim nws").
Cov poj niam, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj feem ntau khaws cov rog. Qhov laj thawj nyob hauv coob tus poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones - estrogens. Cov poj niam raug yuam kom saib xyuas lawv cov nuj nqis dua, zoo li mus dhau txoj kev noj qab nyob zoo tam sim ntawd teb nrog nce nyhav.
Tab sis kuj muaj qhov zam thiab. Qee tus txiv neej tau yooj yim nce phaus ntxiv, thaum qee tus poj niam nyob ruaj khov hauv qhov no, txawm tias tsis tu ncua siv ntau dhau. Qhov no yog vim qhov ntau ntawm cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau cov nqi hauv metabolic yog nruj nreem cuam tshuam. Tab sis txhua yam, poj niam txiv neej ua lub luag haujlwm loj heev.
Rau cov neeg feem coob, cov metabolism hauv paus hloov pauv nrog lub hnub nyoog. Qhov no yooj yim pom los ntawm kev saib cov kev hloov hauv koj daim foos lossis hauv cov phooj ywg. Tsis kam sim tiv thaiv lub sijhawm, tom qab 30-40 xyoo, lossis tseem ntxov, ntau tus neeg pib qhov muag plooj. Qhov no kuj yog txais tau nyob hauv ectomorphs. Hauv lawv cov hluas, lawv nyuaj rau kev tswj kom nce ib phaus. Nrog lub hnub nyoog, kilos los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Txawm hais tias tsis nyob hauv tus nqi ntau npaum li cas hauv meso- thiab endomorphs.
Txhawm rau kom muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov kev hloov pauv hloov hnub nyoog, koj yuav tsum ua tus neeg coj zoo rau lub neej noj qab haus huv - noj kom zoo thiab muab lub cev ua si.
Suav cov calories ntau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej (cov qauv los pab), qoj ib ce, thiab metabolism hauv yuav zoo li qub. Tshwj tsis yog, tau kawg, muaj lwm yam teeb meem.
Yuav noj li cas? Kom them sai sai rau cov khoom lag luam, ua tsaug uas cov khoom noj hauv lub cev hauv lub cev ua kom raug. Kev noj haus yuav tsum nplua nuj:
- ntxhib zaub fiber ntau - carrots, zaub qhwv, beets, thiab lwm yam.;
- txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
- zaub ntsuab;
- nqaij ntshiv;
- nqaij nruab deg.
Thaum xaiv cov kev noj haus twg los xij, txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, nws raug nquahu kom tsim ntawm thawj lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv.
Piv txwv, hauv cov neeg rog, tshwj xeeb yog tom qab 40-45 xyoo, qhov pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim gout nce lossis nws twb muaj lawm.
Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws yog txwv tsis pub noj sorrel thiab zaub ntsuab ntawm cov zaub ntsuab. Raspberries, cranberries thiab txiv hmab yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv. Lwm qhov, nrog cov roj (cholesterol) siab, qee qhov nqaij nruab deg tsis suav nrog, piv txwv li, cw.
Nws raug nquahu kom noj ntau thiab fractionally, tsis txhob saib tsis taus pluas tshais, yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau ob txoj kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem kom meej, lossis nrhiav kev pab ntawm tus kws tshaj lij. Txij li thaum lub cev ua haujlwm nrog qhov nws tau muab, cov metabolism hauv ib txwm tsuas suav tau yog tias kev noj zaub mov raug tsim los xav txog tus neeg qhov kev xav tau thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev.